DIGITAL NOMADS AND DIGITAL TERRITORIALITY
Livia Jessica Dell’Anna1*
Abstract
There is a GloCal phenomenon, which is not recent but has been increasing in past years, that is changing the travelling industry. They are not quite tourists nor necessarily business travellers, they are remote workers. Governments are structuring policies – such as VISAs and fiscal benefits – to attract digital nomads more than traditional tourists, as the former seem to spend more and stay longer than the latter. Given the premise, the aim of this paper is to define this different experience of tourism and analyse this mode of tourism’s development practice, policies and strategies under geographic lenses.
Keywords: Digital Nomads, Geography, Tallin Declaration, Territoriality, Sustainability
1. Introduction
The current contribution intends to open a critical reflection on the role of tourism as a strategy for development2. I hereby focus on: (i) the construction of territoriality (intended as a form of identity), (ii) the necessary strategic planning needed to attract digital nomads (intended as eResidents, long-term tourists and temporary citizens that affect the local territoriality) and (iii) identifying the segment of digital nomads as a different segment that experiences tourism. The questions posed are hence: (i) what does a digital territoriality look like? (ii) which main plans and policies have been enacted to attract digital nomads? And (iii) how to define digital nomads in reference to tourism? Estonia’s practices will be used as a case study.
2. Research framework & early assumptions
Wireless communication was a topic discussed by Guglielmo Marconi (03/10/1933) already before it existed; Marchisio (1996) in his book “Work-Net: Telelavoro. Lontano dal Job lontano dal cuore” (of which political and philosophical outlook is not taken in consideration in this paper) illustrates that tele-commuting (what is now referred to as remote working or work from home) was a work modality already in use at the end of the ‘90s in the USA, e.g. during snowy days in Boston and frosty days in Chicago. Predicting a nomadic existence which (Makimoto & Manners, 1997) named digital nomadism. The practice of remote working is hence not so recent, with this comes the importance of finding a suitable definition – as most people define their identity in relation to their work – for remote workers (Prester et al, 2019). There are many definitions that have been analysed by Prester et al (Ibid) which take different aspects in consideration of the remote workers work-related identity; for this contribution we will use the inclusive definition illustrated by Nash et al (2018 – Ibid 1): “Digital nomads (DNs) are individuals who leverage technology to work remotely and live an independent and nomadic lifestyle”. The relevance attributed to the lifestyle-factor is shown in Beverly Yuen Thompson’s (2019) research which investigated the relation within the remote work-leisure balance that characterises this segment of society, which according to her study constitutes a “lifestyle movement” that is sponsored through the use of blogs, feeds, conferences and so forth. The consequences of this is that there’s a growing segment of society that travels whilst working, demonstrated by the increasing number of special visas that are being produced by nation-states. To name a few: Portugal’s Passive Income or D7 Visa, Croatia’s temporary residence permit, Czech Republic’s Zivno, Estonian Digital Nomad Visa (DNV), Iceland’s DNVs, Germany’s freelance visa, Norway’s unique VISA for DNs to relocate to its Svalbard islands, Malta’s DNV, Greece’s DNV, Romania’s DNV, Hungary’s DNV, Cyprus’s DNV, Lithuania’s DNV, and similarly Serbia, Jordan, many Caribbean islands, numerous central & south America (amongst which Mexico, Panama, Colombia, Jamaica, Brazil, Aruba), middle east and Asian countries (to the likes of Dubai, Taiwan, Vietnam, Cambodia), as well as African countries (i.e. Mauritius, Cape Verde, Seychelles), Australia and New Zealand.
The appropriateness of geography to investigate the digital nomadism phenomenon lies in the fact that Digital Nomads (DN) envisage themselves as explorers (Ibid.) – who seek to experience different realities to increase their work creativity and/or productivity – a consideration that hence makes it possible to consider them, perhaps to even label them, as geographers themselves. They could perhaps even be the digital, as in technological advanced, version of the geographical explorers; hence definable from digital nomads to Digital Explorers. Another way of referring to DNs is Remote Workers or Location Independent Workers, these “labels” (Digital Nomads – DN, Remote Workers – RW, and Location Independent Workers -LIW), used to define this segment of contemporary society, use geographical referencing (e.g. nomads, remote, location, etc) to define themselves. According to the French geographer Lozato-Giotart (2008) the territory (in its physical and human sense of the term) is the non-renewable raw material of touristic activities. For this reason, it is relevant to analyse the DNs’ impact on territories from a touristic perspective.
2.1 A start in defining Digital Territoriality
Taking in considerations the Next Generation EU Plan redacted in Italy (which takes the name of National Recovery & Resilience Plan – Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza, PNRR) which mission number one is “Digitalisation, Innovation, Competitiveness and Culture” assigned to the domain of “Tourism and Culture 4.0” policies; it is a direct consequence that to assume that tourism policies are gearing infrastructures towards building an technologically enhanced environment, a digital environment or perhaps better so, in a more geographical sense, as digital territoriality. A concept which has been defined as ‘nuovo territorio’ (Pisanu 2019:82), translated ‘a new territory’, which he defines as a (Ibid.: 86) “[un’] inedita modalità dell’abitare si collocherebbe dunque al centro della complessa mutualità e reciprocità di reti e territori, in un’ottica transcalare che amalgama dimensione locale e globale, ricombinando gli aspetti di ciascuna delle due in una nuova struttura sociale e territoriale che ne sia la sintesi. E da tale sintesi è utile ripartire nell’analisi di ciò che maggiormente interessa in questa sede, vale a dire la dialettica esistente tra rapporti d’identità e alterità, tra radicamento e cosmopolitismo” which I hope to translate well as “an unprecedented mode of living would thus be placed at the centre of the complex mutuality and reciprocity of networks and territories, in a transcalar perspective that amalgamates local and global dimensions, recombining the aspects of each of the two in a new social and territorial structure that is its synthesis. And it is useful to start from this synthesis in analysing what is of most interest here, namely the dialectic existing between relations of identity and otherness, between rootedness and cosmopolitanism”. Hence a concept of territoriality that is the synthesis of local and global dimensions in which to add the Digital Nomads’ imaginary and virtual-reality space which Pisanu (2019:84) describes as “lo spazio e il territorio del nomade digitale diventerebbero in questo senso quelli immaginati e costruiti virtualmente” (translated: the digital nomad’s space and territory would in this sense become the ones imagined and constructed virtually). This ‘new territory’ would be a “narrative construction” in Turco’s (2010) jargon, where the social networks and the web depict a geography that then takes place thanks to digital nomad’s construction as Pisanu (2019) discusses in his analysis of digital nomad’s territory. The Digital Territoriality I intend in this paper is more so an entanglement of territoriality, geographicallness and technological or digital infrastructure.
Coming to the definition of space, taking onboard Turco’s (2010) concept of territoriality we hereby refer to a homo geographicus which does not intend nature as an element to exploit but on the contrary as an element to nurture, whereby the space is therefore territorialised, in other words the space is taken care of by humans who build governance policies to manage, organise and defend their space, their territoriality. From this definition derives that social actions affect the construction of space, and hence social actions build and form a territorialisation. Therefore, social actions acquire a crucial role in the definition of that space which would not be the same if it was populated by a different society. On the contrary, geographicalness is the part of space, which is managed by nature, and hence the environment which is independent from human’s action and will (Ibid.). We refer to specification (Bobbio, 1990) considering that nature ceases to be considered as an asset and becomes part of human rights; and it is from here that we define human identity through its identification in its location, adopting Yi-Fu Tuan’s (1990) topophilia concept of human which identifies him- or her-self in an intimate relation with the place s/he lives in and in the forms in which s/he participates to the universe’ existence. Consequently, the Digital Territoriality is not merely composed of built features.
2.2 Defining Digital Nomads in a geographical sense, contextualised to the tourism industry.
Tourists are usually defined as travellers, intended as individuals which escape the work environment seeking to experience different sides of the world (Dallari, 2006: 69). Digital Nomads are atypic tourists in that they do not escape their work environment but instead they seek to work in different environments to get stimulated by different territorialities. Perhaps this is because we live in a creative economy and Florida’s (2005) ‘creative class’ is taking more and more place. Going by this as Dallari (Ibid:71) suggests Italy needs to construct a certain territoriality through local, regional and national policies to be able to compete in the globalised panorama. As Staniscia (Dallari & Mariotti, 2006: 109) states this is possible through the creation of territorial pacts through local touristic systems since local systems are formed by the, earlier described, territoriality factor, in other worlds the society that forms and composes localities. From this derives the important repercussion that attracting Digital Nomads, to experience and live in a certain locality, will trigger the formation of new territorialities. Given these considerations, it seems plausible to assume that digital nomads are long-term tourists, a definition which in turn makes them short-term locals (Mattei, 2022), they affect the territoriality factor. They hence impact – and are in turn impacted by – what Amato (2017: 11) calls territorial community or geosystem meaning that local development can happen when we activate both direct (at tourism) and indirect (at the location, its environment and its local society) policies. Amato (Ibid.) also states that these policies need to be (i) actualised together and (ii) defined by specific political acts – of which in Italy the Tourism’s National Strategic Plan provides an effective tool to promote and enrich the country but nonetheless requires the construction of territorial pacts to plan a local development in conjunction with the territory. Hence the Digital Territoriality would ideally be constructed together with residents, short-term locals and national strategic planners.
2.3 A Rose of DN’s favourable factors and the sensorial Tree to live the dream.
To analyse this phenomenon Lozato-Giotart’s (2008) “rose of tourism’s favourable factors” can be adapted from the original illustrated in Figure 1 to the altered version in Figure 2:
Possibility to travelTechnological progressAccomodation facilities
Healthcare systems
Free time
Figure 1: The rose of tourism’s favourable factors
Source: Lozato-Giotart (2008: 2)
Firstly, the possibility to travel is not linked to mere recreational activities but more so by being stimulated by experiences. Secondly, the free time factor becomes instead a workation factor, whereby the mix of working as well as vacation becomes crucial. Thirdly, technological progress is strictly linked to fast and stable internet access. Fourthly, healthcare systems/facilities which become ever more important, after (or perhaps during) the post (or current) pandemic. Lastly, within accommodation facilities it is not only the sleeping arrangement that is relevant but also the co-working spaces (CWS) where to work in environments that are intellectually stimulating through the social interactions and networking that comes within sharing a professional environment.
Co-Working Spaces: networking & communityWorkAtion: innovationExperiences: inspirationFast & stable InternetHealthcare systems
Figure 2: The rose of digital nomadism’s favourable factors
Source: own elaboration
Continuing adopting Lozato-Giotart’s (2008) tools to analyse the geography of tourism, the motivations that generate tourism flows are illustrated in the “sensorial tree” (Figure 3). Going by this, considering that the production and consumption of tourism (unlike other products and services) need to happen in the same moment and at the same time (Ibid.) tourist sensations, experiences produce “a dream” that stimulates the tourist to live the dream they are sensorially experiencing. Hence the often definition that “digital nomads are living the dream”.
Figure 3: The sensorial tree
Source: Lozato-Giotart (2008, 19)
2.4 Contrasting depopulation: building individual and collective well being
Pollice et al. (2021) analysis of Southern Italy empirically shows the correlation between southern Italian rural landscapes with the naturalistic, social and economic value of them and state the necessity for Geographers to identify intervention policies. They pinpoint the “restanza” (Teti, 2017) factor (translatable as restancy) as the key element to build both an individual and collective wellbeing that can contrast depopulation (Ibid.). This “restanza” element is hence the key to produce a model of strategic planning (Ibid:139) through answering three questions: (i) who are we? (ii) who can we be? and (iii) who we want to be? – illustrated in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Strategic Planning Model
Source: Pollice (2018: 29 in Pollice et al. 2021:139)
As Pollice (2003) discusses, territorial identity is a socio-cultural product; in his words “space is not only the scenario of human action, but also the representation of human action”; territorial identity is hence forged through cultural sedimentation. Continuing with his flow of thoughts, territorial specificity comes from the “process of interaction between the community and the environment”. For this reason, it seems crucial to analyse the impacts of temporary residents, such as digital nomads, on territorial identity. Coming to what was previously labelled as the “digital territorialisation” – implementing Agenda 21’s (1992) – which was written thirty years ago – the preservation of the values and the identity of a local community constitutes a fundamental sustainability goal and hence attracting digital nomads should be planned so to accompany territorial identity’s mutations safeguarding cultural patrimony but at the same time embracing the opportunities that technological advancement procures by enacting policies that prevent unsustainable phenomenon such as gentrification to prevent the potential loss of local identity – which is in itself a touristic pull factor (Pollice & Spagnuolo, 2009) – but at the same time promote the development of territorialisation and the building of a European community. For the enactment of such a thing, a synergy between public and private institutions is crucial (Ibid.).
3. Place-based evidence
Estonia’s practices will be used as a case study in this paper in the aim to provide partial, perhaps initial, answers to the posed questions.
3.1 What does digital territoriality look like?
In 1997 Estonia’s government instituted an e-Governance system; according to its website3 e-Services now constitute 99% of the public services available for its citizens. Come 2020 the country declared internet access as a human right – action which defined it by some as “the most advanced digital society in the world”4 – and introduced e-Tax. After 5 years Estonia introduced i-Voting, representing the first nation to offer internet voting for general elections. Following it introduced e-Police in 2007 and e-Helath in 2008, which seems to be a 360° e-Governance though for example in 2014 the international experts recommended Estonia to withdraw its i-Voting system as they had identified serious risks in the security of its system. In the same year e-Residency was introduced enabling anyone to request and receive, in a short timeframe, an Estonian digital ID and full access to all e-Services. This service opened the doors to international start-ups, enabling them to exist digitally and operate anywhere in the world. During this same year in October 32 countries of the European Free Trade Area and of the EU signed what is known as the Tallinn Declaration, indicating the intention of committing to building an EU-wide digital government. Whether this all sounds like a dream or a nightmare it could perhaps be a glimpse of what a digital territoriality may refer to in the not so futuristic present.
3.2 Which main plans and policies have been enacted to attract digital nomads?
Altringer (2015) survey analyses digital nomads’ lifestyle from a financial perspective, or economic viability, illustrating that often lower risk locations (in terms of living costs and lower tax percentages) are preferred to secure a less stressful approach to work. As anthropologist Mancinelli (2018) shows how financial security, especially for location-independent families, becomes crucial in choosing the locations to which to work from. Mancinelli’s (Ibid.) work also highlights that perhaps digital nomadism, more than a leisure-oriented relocation, may also be considered as a labour migration to navigate the precarity of labour markets. For the purpose of contrasting depopulation, fiscal policies that attract digital nomads – as individuals and as families – appear to be key.
The mentioned digitalisation of public services, in the previous sub-chapter, which may seem to build the foundations for a spatial cybernationalisation, was increased in 2020 with the introduction of a Digital Nomad Visa integrating e-Residency with a sort of tester option to experience the nation’s services. Another policy is represented by Estonia’s Double Taxation Treaties5 it provides alternatives to paying taxes and even assistance6 on how to measure them.
Figure 5: “e-residency vs digital nomad visa” chart on https://www.e-resident.gov.ee/nomadvisa/
3.3 How to define digital nomads in reference to tourism?
Indrek Maripuu’s master thesis, assisted by Professor Pilving Tarmo, (2022) discusses Estonia’s strategic choices in the tourism sector depicting key target groups in the country’s 2022+ tourism strategy. Greater internationalisation of teleworking will enable destinations to attract digital nomads looking for cheaper and more exciting living conditions, thus contributing to the tourism sector (Schawbel 2021 in Maripuu 2022). According to Maripuu’s classifications, from what I could translate, digital nomads in Estonia vary from ‘Natural Nomads’, ‘Flavour Seekers’ and ‘Culture Scouts’ and all fall in the ‘Business Tourist’ category, which appears to be attracted by nature, food and culture. According to Altringer’s (2015) surveys digital nomads comprise a wide and diverse range of portion of society and of workforce since their level of education and their financial possibilities vary greatly, reason for which I would presume this classification isn’t exhaustive representation.
Maripuu’s research however presents the correlation between tourism and the start-up scene, whereby at the beginning of 2022 Enterprise Estonia and KredEx merged into creating an organisation called Entrepreneurship and Innovation Foundation with the aim to develop a start-up community. This factor proves relevant in that it highlights that Digital Nomads are pulled into destinations that feed their social animal network, whether for work or leisure, meaning that a technological destination still requires to be accompanied by stimulating social interactions. Factor which distinguishes this category of tourists since their lifestyle requires them to connect with people in the premises.
4. Early conclusions and further developments
Tourism by geographers has been defined as a social phenomenon, as the discovery of spaces and of different cultures, intended as a synonym of mere holiday activities (Lozato-Giotart, 2008). Geographers described Tourism as an expanding phenomenon thanks to transport and technology advancement after the II World War – perhaps even thanks to peace I may add – which conquered all spaces, no matter how distant or harsh (e.g. deserts), which consequence were spatial impacts on the visited geographies (Ibid.).
Going by the rose of digital nomadism’s favourable factors, Europe with its: (i) multiple and diverse experiences (thanks to: different cultures, several historic patrimonies and diverse natural conformations and climates); (ii) the possibility to plan workation options, easily obtainable due to its link with the previous factor; (iii) fast and stable internet, which infrastructure needs to be implemented and extended to the country’s peripheries; (iv) the healthcare system which compared to other continents is avant-garde and mostly of public access (factor which creates a great competitive advantage); and (v) co-working spaces which are increasingly growing from an infrastructural perspective; could bridge the European North-South gap by focussing on implementing a great internet infrastructure, creating a fiscal system which facilitates digital nomads’ tourism across Europe with a standard rate and establishing a welfare system that allows assistance across Europe. This could also impact on territoriality as it would aid the sentiment of Europeanness in citizens across the European Union. Perhaps best not abiding by the Tallinn Declaration as of yet.
Going by Berque’s philosophy of “being-humans-on-earth”, societies inhabit territories having the duty to live life on Earth with a geographic sense – contextualising his/her place in a hierarchical way which is not individualistic but holistic, hence socially-oriented. Concepts from which Turco (2010: 303) advises us that we as society must take on the public responsibility to guarantee a social (human/anthropic) and natural (nature/physical) equilibrium. The remote workers’ phenomenon, in reference to sustainable practices, has started being deeply investigated by the economics sector (see for example Ferrante, A. 2022’s article that envisages smart working in relation to sustainable development goal number 8). If we start considering digital nomads as long-term tourists as well as short-term residents, the phenomenon directly pertains to the geography of tourism. From this derives the necessity to plan and to monitor their digital environment as an opportunity to: (i) increase our demographic statistics – alleviating our old-age population with its social repercussions, (ii) adjourn our technological infrastructure – to keep up with the times, on a European and global scale, with its economic repercussions, and (iii) better understand the technological environment – managing digital advancement’ repercussions on the natural environment (e.g. thinking of 4G radiations debates). Perhaps keeping a close eye to the evolution of how e-Services evolve in Estonia and monitoring its system’s safety for the community as both individuals as well as a society. Considering the aforementioned ecological, socio-cultural and economic effects of this different type of tourism, it seems relevant and urgent to conduct further analysis to develop practices, policies and strategies to attract, retain and manage this relatively new type of tourism and its effects on a national, regional and local level as it could foster solutions towards slowly ending the welfarism (welfare culture, or perhaps better welfare mechanisms, of dependence in receiving funds from northern Europe) in favour of European fiscal agreements that could allow, in fact incentivise, northern Europeans to live and work in southern Europe contributing directly to the society, in demographic and cultural terms, and to the economy, in financial terms. Paying attention that this digital territoriality won’t fall into totalitarianisms especially considering that Italy has since 2005, e.g. legislative degree n.82 (D.lgs 82/20057), conceived principles and laws that regulate the public administration’s use of digital technologies; above all considering that within the next two years all Italians will have a digital domicile (domicilio digitale – currently under PEC and SPID) which will soon move to a coding system recognized amongst the EU Community.
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* University of Salento, Department of Human and Social Sciences, E-mail: liviajessica.dellanna@unisalento.it
This contribution represents part of the initial investigation of my PhD research
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